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1 καί
καί conjunction (Hom.+), found most frequently by far of all Gk. particles in the NT; since it is not only used much more commonly here than in other Gk. lit. but oft. in a different sense, or rather in different circumstances, it contributes greatly to some of the distinctive coloring of the NT style.—HMcArthur, ΚΑΙ Frequency in Greek Letters, NTS 15, ’68/69, 339–49. The vivacious versatility of κ. (for earlier Gk. s. Denniston 289–327) can easily be depressed by the tr. ‘and’, whose repetition in a brief area of text lacks the support of arresting aspects of Gk. syntax.① marker of connections, andⓐ single wordsα. gener. Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ Σίμων καὶ Ἰούδας Mt 13:55. χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν 2:11. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή Ro 7:12. πολυμερῶς κ. πολυτρόπως Hb 1:1. ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ God, who is also the Father 1 Cor 15:24; cp. 2 Cor 1:3; 11:31; Eph 1:3; Js 1:27; 3:9 al.—Connects two occurrences of the same word for emphasis (OGI 90, 19 [196 B.C.] Ἑρμῆς ὁ μέγας κ. μέγας; pap in Mayser II/1, 54) μείζων κ. μείζων greater and greater Hv 4, 1, 6. ἔτι κ. ἔτι again and again B 21:4; Hs 2, 6 (B-D-F §493, 1; 2; s. Rob. 1200).β. w. numerals, w. the larger number first δέκα καὶ ὁκτώ Lk 13:16. τεσσεράκοντα κ. ἕξ J 2:20. τετρακόσιοι κ. πεντήκοντα Ac 13:20.—The καί in 2 Cor 13:1 ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα=‘or’ ([v.l. ἢ τριῶν for καὶ τριῶν as it reads Mt 18:16]; cp. Js 4:13 v.l. σήμερον καὶ αὔριον=‘today or tomorrow’, but s. above all Thu. 1, 82, 2; Pla., Phd. 63e; X., De Re Equ. 4, 4 ἁμάξας τέτταρας καὶ πέντε; Heraclides, Pol. 58 τρεῖς καὶ τέσσαρας; Polyb. 3, 51, 12 ἐπὶ δυεῖν καὶ τρισὶν ἡμέραις; 5, 90, 6; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 28 εἷς καὶ δύο=one or two; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1091 p. 305, 22 W. τριέτης καὶ τετραέτης) by the statement of two or three witnesses every charge must be sustained, as explained by Dt 19:15.γ. adding the whole to the part and in general (Aristoph., Nub. 1239 τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς θεούς; Thu. 1, 116, 3; 7, 65, 1) Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι Peter and the rest of the apostles Ac 5:29. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς κ. τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον the high priest and all the rest of the council Mt 26:59. Vice versa, adding a (specially important) part to the whole and especially (πᾶς Ἰουδὰ καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ 2 Ch 35:24; cp. 32, 33; 1 Macc 2:6) τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. τῷ Πέτρῳ Mk 16:7. σὺν γυναιξὶ κ. Μαριάμ Ac 1:14.δ. The expr. connected by καί can be united in the form of a hendiadys (Alcaeus 117, 9f D.2 χρόνος καὶ καρπός=time of fruit; Soph., Aj. 144; 749; Polyb. 6, 9, 4; 6, 57, 5 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ δυναστεία=1, 2, 7; 5, 45, 1 ὑπεροχὴ τῆς δυναστείας; Diod S 5, 67, 3 πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ μνήμην=renewal of remembrance; 15, 63, 2 ἀνάγκη καὶ τύχη=compulsion of fate; 16, 93, 2 ἐπιβουλὴ κ. θάνατος=a fatal plot; Jos., Ant. 12, 98 μετὰ χαρᾶς κ. βοῆς=w. a joyful cry; 17, 82 ἀκρίβεια κ. φυλακή) ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligent answers Lk 2:47. δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα κ. σοφίαν I will give you wise utterance 21:15. τροφὴ κ. εὐφροσύνη joy concerning (your) food Ac 14:17. ἐλπὶς κ. ἀνάστασις hope of a resurrection 23:6 (2 Macc 3:29 ἐλπὶς καὶ σωτηρία; s. OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f; GBjörck, ConNeot 4, ’40, 1–4).ε. A colloquial feature is the coordination of two verbs, one of which should be a ptc. (s. B-D-F §471; Rob. 1135f) ἀποτολμᾷ κ. λέγει = ἀποτολμῶν λέγει he is so bold as to say Ro 10:20. ἔσκαψεν κ. ἐβάθυνεν (=βαθύνας) Lk 6:48. ἐκρύβη κ. ἐξῆλθεν (=ἐξελθών) J 8:59. Sim. χαίρων κ. βλέπων I am glad to see Col 2:5. Linking of subordinate clause and ptc. Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλθεν … καὶ ἰδοῦσα J 11:32 v.l. Cp. παραλαβών … καὶ ἀνέβη Lk 9:28 v.l.ⓑ clauses and sentencesα. gener.: ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει κ. τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). εἰσῆλθον … κ. ἐδίδασκον Ac 5:21. διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ κ. συνάξει τὸν σῖτον Mt 3:12. κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία Ro 4:14 and very oft. Connecting two questions Mt 21:23, or quotations (e.g. Ac 1:20), and dialogue (Lk 21:8), or alternate possibilities (13:18).β. Another common feature is the practice, drawn fr. Hebrew or fr. the speech of everyday life, of using κ. as a connective where more discriminating usage would call for other particles: καὶ εἶδον καὶ (for ὅτι) σεισμὸς ἐγένετο Rv 6:12. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς … καὶ (for ὅτι) ἔλεγον and the king learned that they were saying Mk 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92; on this JBlinzler, Philol. 96, ’43/44, 119–31). τέξεται υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ (for οὗ τὸ ὄνομα καλ.) Mt 1:21; cp. Lk 6:6; 11:44. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνάς Mk 9:5. Esp. freq. is the formula in historical narrative καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ (like וַ … וַיְהִי) and it happened or came about … that Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15; Lk 5:1 v.l. (for ἐγένετο δὲ … καὶ; so also the text of 6:12), 12, 17; 14:1; 17:11 al. (Gen 7:10 al.; JosAs 11:1; 22:1). S. MJohannessohn, Das bibl. Καὶ ἐγένετο u. seine Geschichte, 1926 (fr. ZVS 35, 1925, 161–212); KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 29–62; Mlt-Turner 334f; ÉDelebecque, Études Grecques sur L’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65; JVoelz, The Language of the NT: ANRW II/25/2, 893–977, esp. 959–64.—As in popular speech, κ. is used in rapid succession Mt 14:9ff; Mk 1:12ff; Lk 18:32ff; J 2:13ff; 1 Cor 12:5f; Rv 6:12ff; 9:1ff. On this kind of colloquial speech, which joins independent clauses rather than subordinating one to the other (parataxis rather than hypotaxis) s. B-D-F §458; Rdm.2 p. 222; Rob. 426; Dssm., LO 105ff (LAE 129ff), w. many references and parallels fr. secular sources. This is a favorite, e.g., in Polyaenus 2, 3, 2–4; 2, 4, 3; 3, 9, 10; 3, 10, 2; 4, 6, 1; 7, 36 al.γ. It is also coordination rather than subordination when κ. connects an expr. of time with that which occurs in the time (Od. 5, 362; Hdt. 7, 217; Thu. 1, 50, 5; Pla., Symp. 220c; Aeschin. 3, 71 νὺξ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ παρῆμεν; s. B-D-F §442, 4; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griechische Gramm. 1913, 640*): ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα κ. παραδίδοται the time has come when he is to be given up Mt 26:45. κ. ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν when they crucified him Mk 15:25. κ. ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα when he went up to Jerusalem J 2:13. κ. συντελέσω when I will make Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); cp. J 4:35; 7:33; Lk 19:43; 23:44; Ac 5:7.δ. καί introducing an apodosis is really due to Hebr./LXX infl. (B-D-F §442, 7; Abel §78a, 6 p. 341; Mlt-H. 422; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 66–72; but not offensive to ears trained in good Gk.: s. Il. 1, 478; Hdt. 1, 79, 2; sim.Thu. 2, 93, 4 ὡς ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐχώρουν εὐθύς; 8, 27, 5; Herm. Wr. 13, 1 …, καὶ ἔφης; Delebecque [s. above in β] 130–32) καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ …, κ. ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 3:20. Also κ. ἰδού in an apodosis Lk 7:12; Ac 1:10.ε. connecting negative and affirmative clauses Lk 3:14. οὔτε ἄντλημα ἔχεις κ. τὸ φρέαρ ἐστὶ βαθύ you have no bucket, and the well is deep J 4:11; cp. 3J 10 (οὔτε … καί Eur., Iph. Taur. 591f; Longus, Past. 1, 17; 4, 28; Aelian, NA 1, 57; 11, 9; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 2, 4 οὔτε πάντα ἡ Λεσβία, Δωρί, πρὸς σὲ ἐψεύσατο καὶ σὺ τἀληθῆ ἀπήγγελκας Μυρτίῳ ‘It wasn’t all lies that Lesbia told you, Doris; and you certainly reported the truth to Myrtium’). After a negative clause, which influences the clause beginning w. καί: μήποτε καταπατήσουσιν … κ. στραφέντες ῥήξωσιν ὑμᾶς Mt 7:6; cp. 5:25; 10:38; 13:15 (Is 6:10); 27:64; Lk 12:58; 21:34; J 6:53; 12:40 (Is 6:10); Ac 28:27 (Is 6:10); 1 Th 3:5; Hb 12:15; Rv 16:15.ζ. to introduce a result that comes fr. what precedes: and then, and so Mt 5:15; 23:32; Mk 8:34; 2 Cor 11:9; Hb 3:19; 1J 3:19. καὶ ἔχομεν and so we have 2 Pt 1:19. Esp. after the impv., or expr. of an imperatival nature (Soph., Oed. Col. 1410ff θέσθε … καὶ … οἴσει, El. 1207; Sir 2:6; 3:17) δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου καὶ ποιήσω and then I will make Mt 4:19. εἰπὲ λόγῳ, κ. ἰαθήσεται ὁ παῖς μου speak the word, and then my servant will be cured Mt 8:8; Lk 7:7; cp. Mt 7:7; Mk 6:22; Lk 10:28; J 14:16; Js 4:7, 10; Rv 4:1.—καί introduces a short clause that confirms the existence of someth. that ought to be: ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καὶ ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are (καλέω 1d) 1J 3:1 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §161 they were to conquer Sardinia, καὶ κατέλαβον=and they really took it; 4, 127 §531 one day would decide [κρίνειν] the fate of Rome, καὶ ἐκρίθη).η. emphasizing a fact as surprising or unexpected or noteworthy: and yet, and in spite of that, nevertheless (Eur., Herc. Fur. 509; Philostrat., Her. 11 [II 184, 29 Kayser] ῥητορικώτατον καὶ δεινόν; Longus, Past. 4, 17 βουκόλος ἦν Ἀγχίσης καὶ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν Ἀφροδίτη) κ. σὺ ἔρχῃ πρὸς μέ; and yet you come to me? Mt 3:14; cp. 6:26; 10:29; Mk 12:12; J 1:5, 10; 3:11, 32; 5:40; 6:70; 7:28; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 3:1. So also, connecting what is unexpected or otherw. noteworthy with an attempt of some kind (JBlomqvist, Das sogennante και adversativum ’79): but ζητεῖ κ. οὐχ εὑρίσκει but he finds none (no resting place) Mt 12:43. ἐπεθύμησαν ἰδεῖν κ. οὐχ εἶδαν but did not see (it) 13:17; cp. 26:60; Lk 13:7; 1 Th 2:18. Cp. GJs 18:3 (not pap). Perhaps Mk 5:20. Introducing a contrasting response καὶ ἀποδώσεις μοι Hv 2, 1, 3.θ. to introduce an abrupt question, which may often express wonder, ill-will, incredulity, etc. (B-D-F §442, 8. For older lit. exx. of this usage s. Kühner-G. II p. 247f; for later times EColwell, The Gk. of the Fourth Gospel ’31, 87f): κ. πόθεν μοι τοῦτο; how have I deserved this? Lk 1:43. κ. τίς; who then? Mk 10:26; Lk 10:29; J 9:36. καὶ τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; how does it happen that … ? 14:22. καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις … ; how is it, then, that you say … J 14:9 v.l. W. a protasis εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, κ. τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με; for if I make you sad, who then will cheer me up? 2 Cor 2:2 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 43; 44 εἰ [ὁ θεὸς] ψεύδεται, καὶ τίς ἀληθεύει;). Thus Phil 1:22 is prob. to be punctuated as follows (s. ADebrunner, GGA 1926, 151): εἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, τοῦτο μοι καρπὸς ἔργου, καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι; οὐ γνωρίζω but if living on here means further productive work, then which shall I choose? I really don’t know. καὶ πῶς αὐτοῦ υἱός ἐστιν; how, then, is he his son? Lk 20:44 (cp. Gen 39:9).ι. to introduce a parenthesis (Eur., Orest. 4, Hel. 393; X., Equ. 11, 2.—B-D-F §465, 1; Rob. 1182) κ. ἐκωλύθην ἄρχι τοῦ δεῦρο but so far I have been prevented Ro 1:13.ⓒ oft. explicative; i.e., a word or clause is connected by means of καί w. another word or clause, for the purpose of explaining what goes before it and so, that is, namely (PPetr II, 18 [1], 9 πληγὰς … καὶ πλείους=blows … indeed many of them.—Kühner-G. II 247; B-D-F §442, 9; Rob. 1181; Mlt-Turner 335) χάριν κ. ἀποστολήν grace, that is, the office of an apostle Ro 1:5. ἀπήγγειλαν πάντα καὶ τὰ τ. δαιμονιζομένων they told everything, namely what had happened to those who were possessed Mt 8:33. καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος that is, grace upon grace J 1:16. Cp. 1 Cor 3:5; 15:38.—Mt 21:5.—Other explicative uses are καὶ οὗτος, καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτα (the first and last are in earlier Gk.: Hdt., X. et al.; s. Kühner-G. I 647; II 247) and, also ascensive and indeed, and at that Ἰ. Χρ., καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον J. Chr., (and) indeed him on the cross 1 Cor 2:2. καὶ τοῦτο Ro 13:11; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Eph 2:8. καὶ ταῦτα w. ptc. and to be sure Hb 11:12. See B-D-F §290, 5; 425, 1; 442, 9.—The ascensive force of καί is also plain in Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον a Roman citizen, and uncondemned at that Ac 22:25. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν an hour is coming, indeed it is already here J 5:25. προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν καὶ κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ added this on top of everything else, namely to put John in prison Lk 3:20.ⓓ After πολύς and before a second adj. καί is pleonastic fr. the viewpoint of modern lang. (earlier Gk.: Hom. et al. [Kühner-G. II 252, 1]; cp. Cebes 1, 1 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα; 2, 3; B-D-F §442, 11) πολλὰ … κ. ἄλλα σημεῖα many other signs J 20:30 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 318). πολλὰ κ. βαρέα αἰτιώματα many severe charges Ac 25:7. πολλὰ … καὶ ἕτερα Lk 3:18 (cp. Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 6 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα). πολλοὶ καὶ ἀνυπότακτοι Tit 1:10.ⓔ introducing someth. new, w. loose connection: Mt 4:23; 8:14, 23, 28; 9:1, 9, 27, 35; 10:1; 12:27; Mk 5:1, 21; Lk 8:26; J 1:19 and oft.ⓕ καί … καί both … and, not only …, but also (Synes., Dreams 10 p. 141b καὶ ἀπιστεῖν ἔξεστι καὶ πιστεύειν.—B-D-F §444, 3; Rob. 1182; Mlt-Turner 335) connecting single expressions Mt 10:28; Mk 4:41; Ro 11:33; Phil 2:13; 4:12. κ. ἐν ὀλίγῳ κ. ἐν μεγάλῳ Ac 26:29. κ. ἅπαξ κ. δίς (s. ἅπαξ 1) Phil 4:16; 1 Th 2:18. Connecting whole clauses or sentences: Mk 9:13; J 7:28; 9:37; 12:28; 1 Cor 1:22. Introducing contrasts: although … yet (Anthol. VII, 676 Δοῦλος Ἐπίκτητος γενόμην καὶ σῶμʼ ἀνάπηρος καὶ πενίην ῏Ιρος καὶ φίλος ἀθανάτοις ‘I was Epictetus, a slave; crippled in body and an Iros [a beggar in Hom., Od.] in poverty, but dear to the Immortals’) J 15:24; Ac 23:3. καὶ … κ. οὐ Lk 5:36; J 6:36. καὶ οὐ … καί 17:25; κ. … κ. now … now Mk 9:22. On τὲ … καί s. τέ 2c. Somet. w. ἤ q.v. 1aβ.—HCadbury, Superfluous καί in the Lord’s Prayer (i.e. Mt 6:12) and Elsewhere: Munera Studiosa (=WHatch Festschr.) ’46.② marker to indicate an additive relation that is not coordinate to connect clauses and sentences, also, likewise, funct. as an adv.ⓐ simply κ. τὴν ἄλλην the other one also Mt 5:39; cp. vs. 40; 6:21; 12:45; Mk 1:38; 2:26; 8:7 and oft. Freq. used w. pronouns κἀγώ (q.v.). καὶ σύ Mt 26:73. κ. ὑμεῖς 20:4, 7; Lk 21:31; J 7:47 and oft. κ. αὐτός (s. αὐτός 1f).ⓑ intensive: even Mt 5:46f; 10:30; Mk 1:27; Lk 10:17; J 14:9 v.l.; Ac 5:39; 22:28; Ro 9:24 (ἀλλὰ καί); 1 Cor 2:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 2:17; Eph 5:12; Phlm 21; Hb 7:25; 1 Pt 4:19 (but s. d below); Jd 23; Hs 5, 2, 10; 7:1; ἔτι καὶ νῦν Dg 2:3. CBlackman, JBL 87, ’68, 203f would transl. Ro 3:26b: … even in the act of declaring righteous (cp. the gen. abs. Polemon Soph. B 14 Reader καὶ Δάτιδος ἀποπλέοντος=even though Datis was sailing away). In formulas expressing a wish: ὄφελον καί if only, would that Gal 5:12. In connection w. a comparative: κ. περισσότερον προφήτου one who is even more than a prophet Mt 11:9. κ. μείζονα ποιήσει J 14:12.ⓒ In sentences denoting a contrast καί appears in var. ways, somet. in both members of the comparison, and oft. pleonastically, to our way of thinking καθάπερ …, οὕτως καί as …, thus also 2 Cor 8:11. ὥσπερ …, οὕτως καί (Hyperid. 1, 2, 5–8) Ro 5:19; 11:30f; 1 Cor 11:12; 15:22; Gal 4:29. ὡς …, οὕτως καί Ro 5:15, 18. ὸ̔ν τρόπον …, οὕτως καί 2 Ti 3:8.—οὕτως καί thus also Ro 6:11. ὡσαύτως καί in the same way also 1 Cor 11:25. ὁμοίως καί (Jos., Bell. 2, 575) J 6:11; Jd 8. ὡς καί Ac 11:17; 1 Cor 7:7; 9:5. καθὼς καί Ro 15:7; 1 Cor 13:12; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:17. καθάπερ καί Ro 4:6; 2 Cor 1:14.—καί can also stand alone in the second member w. the mng. so also, so. ὡς … καί Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20. καθὼς … καί Lk 6:31 v.l.; J 6:57; 13:15; 1 Cor 15:49.—οἷος …, τοιοῦτος καί 1 Cor 15:48. After a comp. ὅσῳ καί by so much also Hb 8:6. καί is found in both members of the comparison (s. Kühner-G. II 256; 2 Macc 2:10; 6:14) Ro 1:13; 1 Th 2:14. καθὼς καὶ … οὕτως καί Col 3:13 (cp. Hyperid. 1, 40, 20–25 ὥσπερ καὶ … οὕτω καί; 3, 38).ⓓ w. expressions that introduce cause or result, here also pleonastic to a considerable degree διὰ τοῦτο καί for this reason (also) Lk 11:49; J 12:18. διὸ καί Lk 1:35; Ac 10:29; Ro 4:22; Hb 13:12. εἰς τοῦτο καί 2 Cor 2:9. ὥστε καί 1 Pt 4:19 (but this pass. may well fit in b). ὅθεν καί Hb 7:25; 11:19.ⓔ after an interrogative (as Thu., X., et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 255. S. also B-D-F §442, 14) at all, still ἱνατί καὶ τ. γῆν καταργεῖ; Lk 13:7. τί καί; (Hyperid. 3, 14 τί καὶ ἀδικεῖ; what kind of wrong, then, is he committing?) τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; why does he still (need to) hope? Ro 8:24. v.l. τί καὶ βαπτίζονται; why are they baptized (at all)? 1 Cor 15:29; cp. vs. 30.ⓕ used w. a relative, it oft. gives greater independence to the foll. relative clause: Mk 3:14; Lk 10:30; J 11:2 v.l.; Ac 1:3, 11; 7:45; 10:39; 11:30; 12:4; 13:22; 28:10; Ro 9:24; 1 Cor 11:23; Gal 2:10; Col 1:29 al.ⓖ used pleonastically w. prep.α. μετά (BGU 412, 6 μετὰ καὶ τ. υἱοῦ) Phil 4:3.β. σύν (ins in PASA III 612; PFay 108; BGU 179, 19; 515, 17) 1 Cl 65:1.—Dssm., NB 93 (BS 265f).ⓗ w. double names ὁ καί who is also called … (the earliest ex. in a fragment of Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 15, 51 p. 469, 23 Jac. ῏Ωχος καὶ Δαρειαῖος [s. Hatch 141]; OGI 565; 574; 583; 589; 603; 604; 620; 623; 636; POxy 45; 46; 54; 101; 485; 1279; PFay 30; BGU 22, 25; 36, 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 240; 5, 85; 12, 285; 13, 320; 18, 35. Further material in WSchmid, Der Atticismus III 1893, 338; Dssm., B 181ff [BS 313–17]. Lit. in B-D-F §268, 1) Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος Ac 13:9. Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος ins of all the letters of Ign.ⓘ with other particlesα. καὶ γάρ for (s. γάρ 1b).—καὶ γὰρ … ἀλλά (or granted that … but) 2 Cor 13:4; Phil 2:27.—καὶ γὰρ οὐ(κ): neither 1 Cor 11:9; for even … not 2 Cor 3:10.β. καί γε (without intervening word [opp. earlier Gk, e.g. Pla., Phd. 58d; Rep. 7, 531a]: Hippocr., Septim. 9, VII 450 Littré; Cornutus p. 40, 12; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; Rhetor Apsines [III A.D.] p. 332, 17 Hammer; TestReub 4:4 al.; for גָּם always in Theod. [DBarthélemy, Les devanciers d’Aquila ’63, 31ff]), weakened force: (if) only or at least Lk 19:42 v.l.; intensive: indeed (Jos. Ant 29, 19) Ac 2:18 (J 3:2 v.l.; Mel., P. 30, 207); Hm 8:5; 9:9. καί γε οὐ μακράν= and indeed God is not far Ac 17:27.—Kühner-G. II 176b; Schwyzer II 561; B-D-F §439, 2; Rdm.2 35–37.γ. καὶ … δέ and also, but also (s. δέ 5b).δ. καίτοι (Il. 13, 267 et al., ins, pap; 4 Macc 2:6; 5:18; 7:13; Ath. 8, 1 al.; Mel., P. 58, 422) particle (B-D-F §425, 1; 450, 3; Rob. 1129 and 1154) w. finite verb (Chion, Ep. 3, 1; Jos. Ant. 5, 78) yet, on the other hand Ac 14:17. W. gen. abs. foll. (BGU 850, 4 [76 A.D.] καίτοι ἐμοῦ σε πολλὰ ἐρωτήσαντος; 898, 26; Philo, Vi. Mos. 1, 20; Jos., Ant. 2, 321; Ath. 19, 2; 25, 2) Hb 4:3.—καίτοι γε or καί τοι γε (since Aristoph., Ach. 611; but esp. in later Gk. [cp. Schwyzer II 561; MMeister, De Aiocho dial., Breslau diss. 1915 p. 31, 5]; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 364b; Jos., Bell. 1, 7, Ant. 5, 36; Epict. 3, 24, 90; Just., A II, 11, 2; D. 7, 3; Ath. 3, 1; 22, 7; SIG 685, 76 and 82 [139 B.C.]) although J 4:2; Ac 14:17 v.l.; Dg 8:3. W. part. foll. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 230; Mel., P. 58, 422) AcPt Ox 849, 18.—Kühner-G. II 151f; B-D-F §439, 1; 450, 3.—For ἀλλὰ κ., δὲ και, ἐὰν κ., εἰ κ., ἢ κ. s. ἀλλά, δέ, ἐάν, εἰ, ἤ.—ERobson, KAI-Configurations in the Gk. NT, 3 vols. diss. Syracuse ’79. LfgrE s.v. καί col. 1273f (lit.). DELG. M-M. EDNT. -
2 νέμεσις
νέμεσις, - εωςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `righteous anger, retribution' (Il.), also personified (Hes.); on the meaning below.Derivatives: Νεμέσια n. pl. `Nemesisfeast' (D.), νεμέσιον n. appellativ. as plantname = ὠκιμοειδές (Ps.-Dsc.); Νεμεσεῖον (- ιον) `Nemesistemple' (hell. inscr.); νεμεσίτης λίθος m. name of a magic stone (Cyran.; Redard 58). Denominative verbs: 1. νεμεσ(σ)άομαι, - άω, aor. νεμεσ(σ)-ηθῆναι, - ήσασθαι, - ῆσαι, verbal adj. - ητός `become unwilling, rage, be perturbed' (Il.); analog. after other verbs in - άομαι, - άω (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 358, Schwyzer 727), - σσ- beside - σ- (thus also νεμέσσι dat. sg. Z 335) also analogical-metrical (not with Schwyzer 321 from τι̯); νεμεσητικός `prone to perturbation' (Arist.), νεμεσήμων `unwilling, perturbed' (Call., Nonn.). -- 2. νεμεσίζο-μαι, only present and ipf., `id.' (Hom.).Etymology: Formation in - τις (cf. γένεσις, Λάχεσις; s. on λαγχάνω), often connected with νέμω. So the meaning would be prop. *'the (right) assignment, the attribution, imputatio'; thus perhaps still in the usual ep. expression οὑ νέμεσις ( τινί) prop. `one cannot attribute (to somebody), i.e. not reproach, that...' (cf. Bischoff Gnomon 15, 549 n. 1). Further hypotheses in Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 75f., Benveniste Noms d'agent 79; also von Erffa Phil. Supp. 30: 2, 30ff. ( νέμεσις: αἰδώς), Irmscher Götterzorn 21 ff., Henter Lexis 3, 229f., Martinazzoli Stud. itfilel. N.S. 21, 11ff.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέμεσις
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3 μεσηγύ
μεσ(σ)ηγύ(ς)Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `in the middle, between' (Il., Hp., Eratosth.).Other forms: μεσηγύς only Orph.Etymology: On the facultative -ς Schwyzer 404 a. 620. The similarity with ἐγγύς is obvious, whether because of the same origin or analogy (Risch ̨ 126 a), is unknown. After Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 47 to βαίνω as "qui medius it" (?); thus also on ἐγγύς and πρέσβυς (s. vv.). Thus also De Lamberterie, RPh. 72(1998)132, with μεσση as instrumental as in Skt. madhyā́ `in the middle' (after Forssman IF 191(1996)305), and a root * gʷeu- beside * gʷem-, gʷeh₂-. Also further the explanations are parallel (s. Bq). Improbable attempt to connect μεσσηγύς and ἐγγύς with ξύν, by Sánchez Ruipérez Emer. 15, 61 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,215Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μεσηγύ
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4 μεσηγύς
μεσ(σ)ηγύ(ς)Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `in the middle, between' (Il., Hp., Eratosth.).Other forms: μεσηγύς only Orph.Etymology: On the facultative -ς Schwyzer 404 a. 620. The similarity with ἐγγύς is obvious, whether because of the same origin or analogy (Risch ̨ 126 a), is unknown. After Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 47 to βαίνω as "qui medius it" (?); thus also on ἐγγύς and πρέσβυς (s. vv.). Thus also De Lamberterie, RPh. 72(1998)132, with μεσση as instrumental as in Skt. madhyā́ `in the middle' (after Forssman IF 191(1996)305), and a root * gʷeu- beside * gʷem-, gʷeh₂-. Also further the explanations are parallel (s. Bq). Improbable attempt to connect μεσσηγύς and ἐγγύς with ξύν, by Sánchez Ruipérez Emer. 15, 61 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,215Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μεσηγύς
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5 μεσσηγύ
μεσ(σ)ηγύ(ς)Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `in the middle, between' (Il., Hp., Eratosth.).Other forms: μεσηγύς only Orph.Etymology: On the facultative -ς Schwyzer 404 a. 620. The similarity with ἐγγύς is obvious, whether because of the same origin or analogy (Risch ̨ 126 a), is unknown. After Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 47 to βαίνω as "qui medius it" (?); thus also on ἐγγύς and πρέσβυς (s. vv.). Thus also De Lamberterie, RPh. 72(1998)132, with μεσση as instrumental as in Skt. madhyā́ `in the middle' (after Forssman IF 191(1996)305), and a root * gʷeu- beside * gʷem-, gʷeh₂-. Also further the explanations are parallel (s. Bq). Improbable attempt to connect μεσσηγύς and ἐγγύς with ξύν, by Sánchez Ruipérez Emer. 15, 61 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,215Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μεσσηγύ
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6 κερτομέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `taunt, insult, mock, ridicule' (almost only poetic, Il.).Other forms: aor. (rare) κερτομῆσαι.Derivatives: Also κέρτομος `insulting, slandering' (pöet. Hes. Op. 788) with κερτομίαι pl. `mockery, slander' (Hom.; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 207f.); also with ιο-suffix κερτόμιος `id.' (Hom., S. in lyr.), κερτόμησις (S. Ph. 1236). From ἐπικερτομέω: ἐπικερτόμ-ημα (Demetr.), - ησις (Hdn.) and as back-formation ἐπικέρτομος (Q. S.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Expressive word of unknown origin. Acc. to Prellwitz Wb. s. v. univerbation of κείρειν and τέμνειν (cf. the formations in Schwyzer 645; s. also on λοιδορέω); similar, but in detail unclear, Radermacher Festschrift Kretschmer 149ff. Brugmann IF 15, 97f. assumes *κέρ-στομος `having a mocking mouth' (cf. ἐΰ-στομος) also from κείρειν (s. also Benveniste Origines 68 and on σκερβόλλω). Acc. to others (cf. W.-Hofmann s. carinō) the group of κάρνη was also involved in the formation of the 1. element. Diff. again Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 583. - Whether κέρτομος was the basis of κερτομέω seems doubtful; it was rather a backformation (cf. Risch 181). - Fur. 349 reminds of καρτομιστής χλευαστής H. (`mocker'). The variant vocalism shows Pre-Greek origin. The root has been connected with Lat. carināre, and the words cited under κάρνη. Schrijver, Larr. in Latin, 429 is no doubt right to connect the group σκερβόλλω, - βολέω, κερβόλλουσα `insult, mock, slander', which is again connected with ( σ)κέραφος, σχέραφος. All these words are clearly Pre-Greek (thus also Schrijver). The second elements are unknown; are they compounds? Fur. 349 n. 46 suggest σ comparison with Hitt. kartimmii̯a `be angry', kartimnu `get angry', though the meaning is not exactly the same. (Wrong therefore Perpillou RPh. LXXV (2001)145f.)Page in Frisk: 1,832-833Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κερτομέω
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7 Έρμῆς
Έρμῆς, -οῦGrammatical information: m.Meaning: Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia; also `Hermes-pillar, -head' (Il.)Other forms: Έρμείας, - έας, Έρμείης (Call.), Έρμᾶς (Dor. Boeot.), Έρμάων (Hes.), Έρμάν, - ᾶνος (Lac. Arc.), Έρμάου, - άο, -ᾶ (Thess. dat.), Έρμαον (Cret. acc.).Dialectal forms: Myc. E-ma-a₂ (dat.)Compounds: As 1. member z. B. in ἑρμο-γλυφεῖον (Pl.) with retrograde ἑρμογλυ-φεύς, - ικός, - ος (Luc. a. o.), s. γλύφω.Derivatives: Hypocoristic dimin. Έρμίδιον (Ar.), - άδιον (Luc.; also `small Hermespillar' [Lydia]), after the nouns in - ίδιον, - άδιον. `Ερμαῖος `belonging to H., of H.', also as name of a month (A., S.; prob. also Ερμαῖος λόφος π 471, if not from 1. ἕρμα; s. below); ntr. Ε῝ρμαιον `Hermestemple' (Ephesos.; on the accent Hdn. Gr. 1, 369), pl. Ε῝ρμαια ( ἱερά) `H.-feast' (Att.); as appellative ἕρμαιον n. "Hermes-gift", i. e. `chance-find, unexpected advanrage' (Pl., S.); also plant-name (Stromberg Pflanzennamen 129); f. Έρμαΐς (Hp.); Έρμαιών name of a month (Halicarn., Keos); Έρμαϊσταί pl. name of the H.-adorers, Mercuriales (Rhodos, Kos, Delos), cf. e. g. Άπολλωνιασταί and Chantraine Formation 317; Έρμαϊκός (late). Έρμεῖα pl. meaning uncertain (Str. 8, 3, 12).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Έρμῆς \< Έρμέας \< Έρμείας (Aeol.; cf. Αἰνείας a. o.; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 20; after Solmsen Wortforsch. 240 n. 1, Schwyzer 562 however - είας \< - έας as metr. lengthening) and Έρμάν from Έρμάων for *Έρμά̄Ϝων (like ΠοσειδάϜων a. o.) represent two diff. types of name. The latter is rejected by Myc. emaa₂, \/Hermāhās\/. - The derivation from K. O. Müller, accepted a. o. by von Wilamowitz ( Glaube 1, 159 and 285) and Nilsson (Gr. Rel. 1, 503f.), proposing connection with 1. ἕρμα, is linguistically (Schwyzer 562 n. 1) possible; both Έρμ-είας and Έρμ-ά(Ϝ)ων seem to be normal types of name that can be combined with ἕρμα. In this view Έρμῆς would have been named after "the pillar which represents him" (Wil.) or simply "he of the heaps of stone" (Nilsson). But ἕρμα does not mean pillar nor does not mean `heap of stones' (therefore ἕρμαξ, ἑρμεών); also ἑρμαῖος λόφος π 471 can indicate only the heap of ἕρματα. - The resemblance with ἑρμηνεύς induced Boßhardt Die Nomina auf - ευς 36f. (with doubtful linguistic analysis) to consider Έρμῆς, "the companion of gods and men", as the the primeval interpreter projected under the gods"; the appellative Έρμῆς would itself be Pre-Greek; thus also Schwyzer 62, Chantraine Formation 125. - The Myc. form shows that it is an unanalysable Pre-Greek name. See Ruijgh, REG (1967) 12.Page in Frisk: 1,563-564Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Έρμῆς
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8 ἕζομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `sit (down)' (Il.)Other forms: fut. καθεδοῦμαι (Att.), later καθεσθήσομαι (LXX), καθεδήσομαι (D. L.); aor. καθεσθῆναι (Paus.); - other presents ἵζω, ἱζάνω (Schwyzer 700) `make sit, set', with ἵζησα, ἵζηκα (late.), with prefix καθ-ίζω (Il.), Ion. κατ-ίζω, καθ-ιζάνω, Aeol. κατ-ισδάνω `set down, sit down', med. καθ-ίζομαι `sit down', with fut. καθιῶ (D.), καθίσω (hell.), κατίσω (Ion.), καθιξῶ (Dor.), med. καθιζήσομαι (Att.), καθιοῦμαι (LXX), καθίσομαι (NT., Plu.); aor. καθίσ(σ)αι, καθίσ(σ)ασθαι (X., in Hom. wrong for καθέσ(σ)αι, s. below), κατίσαι (Hdt., for κατέσαι), καθίξαι (Dor.), καθιζῆσαι (late.); late perf. κεκάθικα, late aor. ptc. pass. καθιζηθείς. - Beside these present forms and the aorists there is a sigmatic aorist εἷσα `I set', inf. ἕσ(σ)αι, med. εἱσάμην, ἕσ(σ)ασθαι, καθ-εῖσα, καθ-έσ(σ)αι (thus also in Hom. to be read for καθίσ(σ)αι; and also κατέσαι for κατίσαι in Hdt.); here fut. καθέσω (Eup.); see Wackernagel Unt. 63ff.Compounds: With terminative prefix (s. Brunel Aspect verbal 83ff., 257ff.) καθ-έζομαι (Il.) `sit (down)' - Often with prefix: ἀνα-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συν- etc.; also to καθέζομαι, καθίζω which are considered as simplices (s. Schwyzer 656, Schwyzer-Debrunner 429). - ἕδος s-stem (s. εὐρυόδεια s.v.). The verbal nouns are largely independent, s. ἕδρα, ἑδώλια, ἑλλά; also ἔδαφος and ἔδεθλον; ἕσμα `stalk, pedicle' (Arist.) \< * sed-sm-, cf. ὄζος. Cf. also ἱδρύω.Etymology: Both ἕζομαι and ἵζω are IE formations, ἕζομαι a thematic jotpresent *sed-i̯o-(mai), also found in Germ., e. g. ONo. sitia, OS sittian, OHG sizzen ` sitzen', ἵζω a redupl. * si-zd-ō (\< * si-sd-ō) = Lat. sīdō, Umbr. sistu ` sidito', Skt. sī́dati. As the preterite ἑζόμην in Homer is often an aorist, it is perh. a redupl. aorist * se-zd- (cf. Av. opt. ha-zd-yā-t_); it could even be an augmented zero grade * e-zd- (with secondary aspiration). A present is in Homer only ἕζεαι (κ 378). Cf. Schwyzer 652 n. 5 and 716 n. 3, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 336. - The aorist εἷσα, ἕσ(σ)αι from IE *e-sed-s-m̥ (with sec. aspiration), * sed-sai agrees with Skt. subj. ní... ṣát-s-a-t `er möge sich niederlassen' (RV 10, 53, 1). - Further, e. g. Lat. sedēre, sēdāre, OCS sěděti, s. the etym. dict. - As perfect indicating a present to ( καθ-)ἕζομαι, ( καθ-)ἵζω functions ἧμαι, κάθ-ημαι (s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 258).Page in Frisk: 1,445-446Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕζομαι
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9 πρόσωπον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `face, countenance, mask, role, person' (Il.).Other forms: ep. pl. also - πατα (cf. below).Compounds: Rarely as 1. member, e.g. προσωπο-λήπτης m. `who respects persons, who is partial' with - ληπτέω, - ληψία (NT). Very often as 2. member, mostly late., e.g. μικρο-πρόσωπος `small-faced' (Arist.).Derivatives: Dimin. προσωπ-ίδιον (Ar.), - εῖον (- ιον) n. `mask' (Thphr., LXX), the plantname - ιον, - ίς, - ιάς, - ῖτις (Dsc. a.o.; prob. after the form of the flower; Strömberg Pfl.namen 47), - οῦττα f. `face-shaped vessel', "face-urn" (Polem. Hist., Poll.).Etymology: Like μέτωπον `forehead' (s.v.) πρόσωπον is also prop. a hypostasis, i.e. from *προτι-ωπ-ον, prop. "what is opposite the eyes, the sight (of the partner)"; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 517 n. 1. Thus also e.g. Goth. and-augi n., also OE and-wlit-a m., OHG ant-lizz-i n. `face, Antlitz' (Goth. wlits `aspect, shape'). Slightly diff. Sommer Nominalkomp. 115 n.1 (with deviating interpretation of the prefix): `the part of the head, that lies over against the eyes, on the side of the eyes'. Through connection with ep. προτι-όσσομαι, προσ-όψομαι `look at', ὄπωπα etc. πρόσωπον could also be (re)interpreted as verbal noun (cf. Angesicht). -- With πρόσωπον agrees almost exactly Skt. prátīkam n. `face, appearance' from práti = πρότι and a zero grade form of the IE word for `see, look' (s. 2. ὄψ and ὄπωπα), * proti-h₃kʷ- (cf. on ὀπιπεύω); so πρόσωπον from an older formation elucidated after ( ἐν)ὦπα etc. (Schwyzer 426 n. 4)? Quite uncertain Toch. A pratsak, B pratsāko `breast' (A ak, B ek `eye'). On the IE expressions for `face' s. Malten Die Sprache des menschlichen Antlitzes im frühen Griechentum (Berlin 1961) 1ff. -- The ep. plural προσώπ-ατα, - ασι can easily be explained as an enlargement favoured by the metre (Schwyzer 515 n. 3); the assumption of an old n(t)-stem (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 213 as alternative) is improbable. -- Further details w. lit. in WP. 1, 170, also Mayrhofer s. prátīkam.Page in Frisk: 2,602-603Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρόσωπον
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10 ἐρεύγομαι 2
ἐρεύγομαι 2.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: in Hom. only of the sea ἐρευγομένης ἁλὸς (Ρ 265), κῦμα... δεινὸν ἐρευγόμενον (ε 403), ( κύματα) ἐρεύγεται ἤπειρόνδε (ε 438); the last two places to be translates with `roar' (cf. Ξ 394 κῦμα... βοάᾳ ποτὶ χέρσον), but here as in Ρ 265 a stranslation `belch out' (= 1.) is also possible. `roaring' seems certain in the aorist ἤρυγεν Υ 403f. ἤρυγεν ὡς ὅτε ταῦρος ἤρυγεν, 406 τόν γ' ἐρυγόντα λίπε... θυμός, thus also Theoc. 13, 58. Also the present and future in the LXX are used in the meaning `roar' ( σκύμνος ἐρευγόμενος, λέων ἐρεύξεται).Derivatives: ἐρύγμηλος Σ 580 (from ἐρυγμή [H.] or *ἐρυγμεῖν; cf. Risch 41; Frisk Eranos 41, 52) is also used as adjunct of ταῦρος; diff. EM 379, 27 ἐρυγμήλη (H. ἐρυγηλή) ἐπίθετον ῥαφανίου, ἴσως ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρυγῆς. H. mentions also ἐρυγμαίνουσα ἡ βοῦς (= `ruminator'?, cf. to 1.). καὶ ὁ ταῦρος ἐρυγμαίνων, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρυγμῆς, and ἐρυγήτωρ βοητής.Etymology: Clearly both groups are not always kept separate. Cf. e.g. ἡμέρα τῃ̃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐρεύγεται ῥῆμα (LXX Ps. 18 [19], 2), ἐρεύξομαι κεκρυμμένα (Ev. Matt. 13, 35), where `belch out' are used as vulgar-expressive expressions for `to cry' etc. Clearly refer to `roar' etc. the ablauting ὀρυμαγδός (s. v.) and ὠρῡγή, ὠρυγμός, s. ὠρύομαι. Other languages have comparable words with this meaning, so Lat. rūgiō, rūgīre `roar'; in auslaut (IE k) different OCS rykati `roar', OE rȳn `id.' (PGm. * rūhjan), OHG rohōn (PGm. *rŭhōn; would be Lat. *rŭcāre; cf. runcāre `snore' s. ῥέγκω) s. Pok. 867f., W.-Hofmann s. rūgiō. - At last both 1. and 2. ἐρεύγομαι etc.refer to soundgiving.Page in Frisk: 1,554-555Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐρεύγομαι 2
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11 κίδαφος
Grammatical information: ?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Animal's name in φο- (Schwyzer 495, Chantraine Formation 263); the adjectival function is clearly secondary. - Unexplained. Acc. to Wood ClassPhil. 3, 76 as "the cunning" to Lith. skíedžiu, skíesti `separate' etc.; thus also Schrader BB 15, 138: to Skt. chidura- `deceitful' (in this meaning only lexical. attested; otherwise `infirm, defective', to chid- `cut off', s. σχίζω). - A byform is κίραφος, s. v.; acc. to Havers Sprachtabu 125 the change δ: ρ is tabooistic. See Specht Ursprung 171 and 229. - The variants show a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 1,850Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κίδαφος
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12 ἑᾱυτοῦ
ἑᾱυτοῦGrammatical information: 3. sg. and plur. (also referring to the 1. and 2. pers.) of the reflexive pronoun (Ion. Att.).Meaning: `himself'Other forms: - τῆς, -τῳ̃, -τῃ̃ etc., Ion. ἑωυτοῦ ( ἑωτοῦ), ωὑτοῦ, Att. also ᾱὑτοῦ etc., hell. also ἑατοῦ, ἁτοῦ, Cret. ϜιαυτοῦDerivatives: ἑαυτότης `being oneself' (Procl.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: From univerbation of the reflexive ἕ (s. v.), ἑοῖ etc. and αὑτόν, -τῳ̃ etc. (s. v.): ἕο αὑτοῦ \> Ion. ἑωυτοῦ, Att. ἑᾱυτοῦ, ἑοῖ αὑτῳ̃ \> Ion. ἑωυτῳ̃, Att. ἑᾱυτῳ̃ etc.; thus also ἐμεωυτοῦ, σεωυτοῦ, ἐμᾱυτοῦ, σ(ε)ᾱυτοῦ etc. (Hom. ἕ αὑτόν, ἔμ' αὑτόν, ἕο αὑτοῦ, ἐμοὶ αὑτῳ̃ etc.). Details in Schwyzer 607 and 402, Schwyzer-Debrunner 193ff.Page in Frisk: 1,433Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἑᾱυτοῦ
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13 μύαξ
μύαξ, - ᾰκοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `sea-mussel, its shell' (medic., Plin.); `spoon' (from `shell'; medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation as ἀσπάλαξ, μέμβραξ, ὕραξ and other animals' names (Chantraine Form. 378f.). Like μυΐσκη, - ος `id.' prob. from μῦς, which can also mean `mussel'; cf. also Lat. mūsculus also `mussel'; s. Strömberg Fischnamen 109. Diff. Fick a.o. (s. WP. 2, 251): to a word for `moss' in Lat. muscus a.o.; cf. esp. NHG Mies-muschel. Diff. again L. Meyer 4, 291: to μύω `shut (oneself)'. -- With μύαξ can be identical Lat. mūrex `purple (snail)' as inherited word, s. W.-Hofmann s.v. For Mediterranan origin of mūrex Ernout-Meillet; thus also on μύαξ Chantraine Form. 378; DELG rejects all hypotheses. - The suffix - αξ however is typically Pre-Greek; is it possible that this was added to the IE word *mūs `mouse'? (Not in Fur.)Page in Frisk: 2,262-263Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μύαξ
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14 κρόταφος
Grammatical information: m., usu. pl.Meaning: `temple', metaph. `side, profile, steep mountain-slope' (Il.). Byforms with metathesis: κόρταφος (Pl.Kom.[?; Maas KZ 46,159], EM, Et. Gud.), κότραφος ( PMag. Osl. 1, 152).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πολιο-κρόταφος `with gray temples' (Θ 518).Derivatives: κροταφίς f. `pointed hammer' (Att. inscr., Poll., H.; on the meaning below), κροτάφιος `of the temples' (Gal.), κροταφίτης `temple-muscel' (medic.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 101), f. pl. - ίτιδες ( πληγαί Hp.). Denomin. κροταφίζω `strike on the temple, box on the ear' (pap.) with κροταφιστής (Gloss., H. s. κόβαλος).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Generally (e.g. Brugmann Grundr.2 2, 1, 390) derived from κρότος as "the knocking (of the veins in the temples)". Because of the meaning of κρότος `the knocking which one hears, noise' κρόταφος cannot refer to the beating of the veins which one sees (Pedersen KZ 39,237 A. 1, Benveniste Mél. Vendryes 56), but must refers to the inner noise, we hear; s. Frisk GHÅ. 57: 4, 18 f. with a diff. hypothesis: κρόταφος prop. "Totschlag, Stelle des Totschlages" (cf. κόλαφος) like rom. dial. abattin `temples'; so κροταφίς prop. "Schläfengerät"? Thus also Wüst `Ρῆμα 1, 11 ff. - Fur. 257 connects κόρση `temple'; thus Forbes, Glotta 36, 258ff,Page in Frisk: 2,25-26Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρόταφος
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15 γλαῦξ
γλαῦξ, - κόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `the little owl, Athene noctua' (Com., Arist.).Other forms: LSJ notes γλαύξ. There is also a γλαύξ `wart cress' (Dsc.) which is also given as γλάξ (Hdn. Gr. 1.395 etc.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: By the ancients derived from γλαυκός; rejected by Thompson Birds s. v. as folketymology; thus also Pötscher (s.s.v. γλαυκῶπις). Some bird names with k-suffix noted by Specht Ursprung 204 (IE?); note πέρδιξ and the many Pre-Greek words in -ξ (Beekes, Pre-Greek on word end). Etym. unknown. The variation in the word for `cress' points to a Pre-Greek word (which is anyhow probable), but it is not sure that the words have the same origin.Page in Frisk: 1,311Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γλαῦξ
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16 γραῦς
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `old woman' (Il.); a sea-crab (Artem., H., s. Strömberg Fischnamen 95, thus also γραῖα [Epich.]); said of the scum of boiled milk (Ar.)Other forms: Gen. γρᾱός (Schwyzer 574)Derivatives: Also γραῖα (Od., also adj. `old') \< *γραῖϜα \< *γρᾱϜ-ιᾰ; coll. γραιβία η γραιτία (i. e. γραιϜία) πανήγυρις. Ταραντῖνοι H.; s. Scheller Oxytonierung 32. - And γρᾱΐς, - ίδος (Charito), Dor. γραῦις (Call.). - γραώδης `like old women' (Chrysipp.), from γραῖα: γραιολέας πονηρὰς η ὀλεθρίας γραίας H. (cf. the adj. in - όλης, but s. DELG; the translation ὀλεθρίας is folk etymology). - Denom. γραΐζω `remove the γραῦς of the milk' (Ar.); from γραῖα: γραιόομαι `get old', of wine (AP).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [390] **greh₂-i̯u- `old woman'Etymology: From the root * gerh₂- in γέρων, γέρας. Prob. \< *γρᾱ-ι̯υ- \<*greh₂-i̯u- with -ι̯υ- as in ὑύς `son' (pl. υἷες). - S. Berger Münch. Stud. z. Sprachwiss. 3, 5f.. Cf. γέρων, γέρας, γῆρας. (Does not contain * h₂oiu, αἰών with Szemerényi.)Page in Frisk: 1,324Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γραῦς
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17 εἰλίπους
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: meaning uncertain, in Hom. only dat. and acc. pl. - πόδεσσιν, - ποδας of βόες; later (Anakr., Eup.) also of other nouns.Other forms: ( εἰλιπόδης Nonn.; on the meaning Schwyzer 451)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Because the meaning is unclear, the etymologies are uncertain. As ἀερσίποδες ἵπποι (Σ 532) `footlifting horses' suggest a contrasting `footdragging', Osthoff BB 22, 255ff. assumed as 1. member an element related to Lith. selù, selė́ti `drag', Skt. t-sárati `slink towards'; so εἰλίπους would be `with.sneaking feet'. But this interpretation is not as sregnant or graphic as the Greek possibilities. There seems to be no digamma (Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 132); but see Shipp Studies 60 (late formation without old tradition?). One might think of `footpressing' (to εἰλέω `press') as `footturning' (to εἰλέω `turn'; thus also H.: διὰ τὸ ἑλίσσειν τοὺς πόδας κατὰ την πορείαν). εἰ- metri causa or from the present. On the -ι in compounds Schwyzer 447f., Knecht Τερψίμβροτος 31, - The unclear gloss Hesych ἀνελλίπους ὁ τοῖς ποσὶ μη ἁλ\<λ\> όμενος, ἤτοι χωλός does not help. S. also on εἰλιτενής.Page in Frisk: 1,460Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἰλίπους
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18 ἔοικα
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `resemble' (Il.); s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 424f., 479f., Schwyzer 769, 773, 541.Other forms: ep. du. ἔϊκτον, Att. pl. ἐοίκαμεν, pret. sg. ἐῴκειν, ep. du. ἐΐκτην, Att. pl. ἐῴκεσαν, med. ep. ἔϊκτο, ἤϊκτο, ptc. εἰκώς (Φ 254, Att.) beside ἐοικώς (for *Ϝε-Ϝικ-Ϝώς after ἔοικα? Leumann Celtica 3, 241ff.), f. ἐϊκυῖα, n. εἰκός; οἶκα, οἰκώς (Hdt.)Derivatives: Innovation factitive εἰκάζω (s. v.) and ἐΐσκω (Il., only present-stem, ipf. ἴσκε(ν), ptc. ἴσκοντ-) `make equal, compare, suppose'.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1129] *u̯eik- `be fitting?'Etymology: The old intransitive perfect ἔοικα (from where through hyphaeresis οἶκα etc.; diff. Schwyzer 766f.) continues, as is shown by the metre (Chantraine 1, 129), *Ϝέ-Ϝοικ-α, du. *Ϝέ-Ϝικ-τον, plusquamperf. *( ἐ-)Ϝε-Ϝοίκ-ει (\> ἐῴκει; Debrunner Mus. Helv. 2, 199); innovations were *Ϝε-Ϝίκ-σκ-ω (\> ἐΐσκω), *Ϝε-Ϝικ-άζω \> ἐϊκάζω, εἰκάζω (diff. Schwyzer 298 with Schulze KZ 43, 185). A form without reduplication *Ϝικ-σκ-ω is supposed in ἴσκε(ν), ἴσκοντ' (e. g. Schwyzer 708; Chantraine 317). No reduplication in (Ϝ) εικών (s. v.); for εἰκώς however is beside Ϝεικ- (Schwyzer 541, 767; thus also s. εἰκών) also *Ϝε-Ϝικ-Ϝώς (s. above) possible. On εἴκελος s. ἴκελος; on ἐπιεικής s. v. - No certain cognate. The comparison with the Baltic root Lith. į-vỹkti `occur, happen, get real', pa-véikslas `example' etc. is doubtful.Page in Frisk: 1,530Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔοικα
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19 ἔτης
ἔτης m.Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `clansman' (Hom., only plur.), `citizen, private' (El., Dor., also A. and E.); on the meaning DELG.Compounds: noneOrigin: IE [Indo-European] [882] *su̯e-t- `own...'Etymology: Beside Ϝέτᾱς Slavic has a word for `relative married in, who gains a bride', e. g. ORuss. svatъ, IE *su̯ōtos; in Baltic a word for `guest', Lith. svẽčas, IE *su̯eti̯os; from the reflexive *su̯e, Gr. Ϝ(h)ε (s. ἕ) with t-suffix, IE *su̯e-t-; on the Greek anlaut with psilosis and loss of the digamma cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 125, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 150 and 185. So prop. "own", i. e. `belonging to the (own) clan, private; in the last sense cf. ἑ-κάς `far', prop. `for himself' (thus also Lith. svẽčias because of svẽtimas, Latv. sweschs `foreign'?; Schulze KZ 40, 417 = Kl. Schr. 73). - On the formation of ἔτης s. Schwyzer 500, Chantraine Formation 312 and Bechtel Lex.; further Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. svát. Wrong Fay AmJPh 28, 413f.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 1, 378. - S. also ἑταῖρος and ἴδιος.Page in Frisk: 1,581-582Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔτης
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20 λαίγματα
Grammatical information: n. pl.Derivatives: Cf. λάγματα (Cyr., Phot.), λαῖτμα θῦμα H. (cod. λαιτμάθημα), also as v.l. (cod. Ven.) Ar. Av. 1563 beside λαῖμα in uncertain meaning; thus also Suid. with many interpretations ( αἷμα, λαιμός etc.). Cf. (with ὀλβ- = ὀλϜ-) ὀλβ-άχνιον n. `basket for the ὀλαί' (EM 257, 53 [Syracus.]; on the formation cf. πέταχνον and Chantraine Form. 195; ?); also ὀλβάχιον κανοῦν. Δεινόλοχος H.; ὀλβακήϊα `id.' (Dor. after H. s. εὔπλουτον κανοῦν). ὀλαγμεύειν ὀλὰς βάλλειν Phot. with ὀλαιμεύς ὁ (cod. τὸ) τὰς ὀλὰς βάλλων H.; on γ λαίγματα ι s.v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 22. These words do not belong to οὐλαί (in spite of the suggestion of the gloss).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: No etymology. The variation λα-\/ λαι- points to a Pre-Greek word. So does the variant ὀλαγ- (Furnée 337) and ὀλβαχ-, ὀλβακ-. The word may have had a labialised l (lʷ), before which the prothetic a- became [ο]; but it may just have been - lw-.Page in Frisk: 2,71Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λαίγματα
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also — [OE] Also was a late Old English compound formed from all ‘exactly, even’ and swa ‘so’; it meant ‘in just this way, thus’, and hence (recalling the meaning of German also ‘therefore’) ‘similarly’. These two uses died out in, respectively, the… … The Hutchinson dictionary of word origins
also — [OE] Also was a late Old English compound formed from all ‘exactly, even’ and swa ‘so’; it meant ‘in just this way, thus’, and hence (recalling the meaning of German also ‘therefore’) ‘similarly’. These two uses died out in, respectively, the… … Word origins
also — /awl soh/, adv. 1. in addition; too; besides; as well: He was thin, and he was also tall. 2. likewise; in the same manner: Since you re having another cup of coffee, I ll have one also. conj. 3. and: He was mean, also ugly. [1125 75; ME; OE… … Universalium
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thus — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) adv. so; consequently, hence. See circumstance. II (Roget s IV) modif. Syn. in this manner, so, consequently, hence, in such a way, just like that, in kind, along these lines; see also therefore . III… … English dictionary for students
Thus Spake Zarathustra — (German, Also sprach Zarathustra), a philosophical work in poetic form (1883) by Friedrich Nietzsche … Useful english dictionary
